Tomatoes - How To Use Fresh Tomatoes - History
of Tomatoes
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Article by Linda Stradley of What's Cooking America.
Tomato Equivalents
Fresh Tomatoes:
1 small tomato weights 3 to 4 ounces.
1 medium tomato weight 5 to 6 ounces.
1 large tomato weighs 7 or more ounces.
2 1/2 pounds fresh tomatoes = 3 cups chopped and drained fresh tomatoes = 2 1/2 cups seeded, chopped cooked tomatoes.
1 pound fresh tomatoes = 3 cups pureed tomatoes.
25 to 30 cherry tomatoes
= 2 cups chopped tomatoes.
Canned Tomatoes:
1 (16-ounce) can = 2 cups undrained tomatoes = 1 cup drained tomatoes.
1 (28-ounce) can = 3 cups undrained = 2 to 2 1/2 cups drained tomatoes.
1 (35-ounce) can = 4 cups undrained = 2 1/2 to
3 cups drained tomatoes.
1 (6-ounce) can tomato
paste = 1/4 cup.
Tomato Tips:
Add a pinch of sugar to tomatoes when cooking them. It enhances the flavor.
To keep baked or stuffed tomatoes from collapsing, bake in greased muffin tins. The tins will give them some support as they cook.
Tomato "water" - the clearish liquid
that dribbles out of a sliced tomato, can be used as a low-acidity
stand-in for lemon juice. This can be used in marinating raw fish.
Linda's Favorite Tomato Recipes:
Lots of delicious Tomato Recipes.
Baked Tomatoes with Mint and Basil
Bruschetta-Style Cherry Tomato Salad
Cherry Tomato Salad with Tarragon
Gazpacho Soup with Avocado Creme Fraiche
Insalata Caprese Salad (Tomato and Mozarella Salad)
Italian Panzanella Salad (Bread Salad)
Linguine with Tomato and Basil
Mozarella Martini withTomato Consommé
Spanish Tomato Toast
(Slow-Roasted Tomatoes)
According to the U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Americans eat more than 22 pounds of tomatoes every year. More than half this amount is eaten in the form of ketchup and tomato sauce.
Technically a tomato is a fruit, since it is the ripened ovary of a plant. In 1893, the supreme court ruled in the case of "NIX vs. HEDDEN" that tomatoes were to be considered vegetables.
There are more than 4,000 varieties of tomatoes, ranging from the small, marble-size cherry tomato to the giant Ponderosa that can weigh more than 3 pounds.
Purchasing Tomatoes
Go Local if possible: Tomatoes don't become more flavorful and develop adequate flavor unless allowed to ripen on the vine. They will change color and soften, but the sugar, acid, and aroma compounds are locked in once the fruit is taken off the vine. So, choose vine-ripened tomatoes, preferably locally grown, because the less the tomatoes have to travel, the more likely they were picked ripe. Seek out locally grown tomatoes whenever possible. They may not be as "pretty" as store bought, but beauty, of course, is only skin deep.
Selecting Tomatoes: Select tomatoes that are firm, glossy, smooth, plump, heavy for their size, and free of bruises. Avoid tomatoes that are overly ripe and soft.
Fragrance is a better indicator of a good tomato than color. Use your nose and smell the stem end. The stem should retain the garden aroma of the plant itself - if it doesn't, your tomato will lack flavor and, as far as I'm concerned, will be good only for decoration! Remember - If the tomato smells fresh and tomato-y, they will taste that way too!
Since fresh
tomatoes are summer fare and off-season tomatoes are rarely flavorful,
substitute good-quality canned Italian plum tomatoes in cooked dishes. Cook for ten
minutes to reduce the liquid and enhance the taste.
Storing and Ripening Tomatoes
Storing Ripe Tomatoes: NEVER REFRIGERATE FRESH TOMATOES! Cold temperatures make the flesh of a tomato pulpy and destroys the flavor. Always store tomatoes at room temperature stem-end down. This prevents air from entering and moisture from exiting its scar, prolonging shelf life.
How To Ripen Green Tomatoes: To ripen,
place green tomatoes in a brown paper bag and place in a dark spot for three or four
days, depending on the degree of greenness. The bag will trap the fruit's ethylene gas and encourage ripening. Do not put tomatoes in the
sun to ripen - this softens them.
Preparing Tomatoes:
The Right Knife: A serrated knife makes slicing through the skin easier. This way you don't inadvertently mash your tomatoes when slicing. If you are using a straight blade, make sure it is very sharp.
To Seed or Not To Seed: If the seeds and skins won't be noticeable in a dish, keep them in. If you are making a smooth sauce, you can always strain out the seeds and skins later as the skins and seed will add flavor.
The flavors of a tomatoes are not just in its flesh, as the skin has a slight bitterness, while the flesh contributes the sugars and amino acids, and the jelly and juice surrounding the seeds contribute acidity. However, the seeds and surrounding jelly will contribute liquid to the dish you are using it in, which can make uncooked dishes, such as salsa, too watery. The tomato skins also have a way of curling up into tough little bits when they are cooked.
How To
Seed Tomatoes:
Cut them in half lengthwise, then use your fingers to scoop out the seeds. Give
the tomato a gentle squeeze to remove any stragglers. NOTE: You
can also strain out the seeds and use the liquid and jelly in
your recipe. In that case, scoop the seeds into a fine-mesh
sieve set over a bowl to catch the juices.
Preserving Tomatoes
Freezing Tomatoes:
The simplest way to preserve tomatoes is to freeze them whole. Just rinse them, spread them out on a cookie sheet, and freeze overnight. When frozen, put them in a freezer bag and return to the freezer. To use, remove from bag and thaw. When thawed, slip the skins off, and use in your favorite recipes.
Peel the tomatoes, puree them in a blender, and then strain them through cheesecloth or a coffee filer to drain off the excess tomato water (this can be used in soups). Freeze the pulp in ice cube trays. When frozen, store the frozen cubes in a freezer bag.
Roast halved tomatoes with olive oil and herbs before freezing.
How To Peel Fresh Tomatoes:
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Prepare a large bowl of ice water that contains enough ice water to cover the tomatoes you want to peel. |
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Do not leave tomatoes in the boiling water for more than 15 seconds as your tomato will become mushy (especially if you are using the tomatoes uncooked in a salad or salsa, you don’t want them in a boiling pot any longer than they have to be, because they’ll start to cook.) Remove tomatoes from hot water with a slotted spoon. |
Once the tomatoes are cool, immediately take them out of the water to drain. Leaving the tomatoes in water may cause them to become waterlogged. |
You may use a small paring knife or your fingers. |
History of Tomatoes
Contrary to popular belief, tomatoes have been grown as a food since the 16th century, though they have in various times and places been regarded as both poisonous and decorative plants.
The Italian name for the tomato is pomodoro, meaning "apple of love" or "golden apple," because the first to reach Europe were yellow varieties.
Tomatoes were not cultivated in North America until the 1700s, and then only in home gardens. In colonial America (1620-1763), tomatoes were thought to be poisonous and were grown as an ornamental plant called the "love apple." The odor of the leaves made people think it was poisonous. Thomas Jefferson was raising tomatoes by 1782. Most people of that century paid little attention to tomatoes. Only in the next century did they make their way into American cookbooks, always with instructions that they be cooked for at least three hours or else they "will not lose their raw taste."
1809 - According to the article from The Thomas Jefferson Society called Thomas Jefferson's Favorite Vegetables by Peter J. Hatch regarding Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), 3rd President of the United States:
Jefferson was a pioneer grower of "tomatas." Beginning in 1809, he planted this grudgingly accepted vegetable yearly, usually in square X near the midpoint of the garden. Jefferson's daughter, Martha, and daughters, Virginia and Septimia, left numerous recipes that involved tomatoes, including gumbo soups, cayenne-spiced tomato soup, green tomato pickles, tomato preserves, and tomato omelettes. Tomatoes were purchased in 1806 for Presidential dinners.
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Historians can't agree if the following story is fact, legend, or even a publicity stunt. The source of this story supposedly comes from an old farm journal. How much of this tale is true? Well, as with most legends, probably not much. While there appears to be little substance to the legend, it is true that the tomato agriculture and related industry developed into the major economy in this area after the American Civil War (1861-1865) and were regarded as a kitchen vegetable and began to steadily grow in popularity. The first Fanny Farmer cookbook, which appeared in the late 1890s, included recipes for tomato soups, salads and sauces without cautions or reservations. The CBS television series You Are There even dramatized the story on January 30, 1949 in the story called "Colonel Johnson Eats The Love Apple," creating the peculiar situation of our being there while Johnson wasn't. 1820 or 1830? - In September of either 1820 or 1830 (the year varies with different accounts), legend has it that Colonel Robert Gibbon Johnson (1771-1850) purportedly introduced the tomato to Salem County, New Jersey. Despite warnings that the tomato's poison would turn his blood to acid, he told the cheering spectators that he planned to eat the entire basket and survive. The story goes that thousands of eager spectators turned out to watch Johnson die after eating the poisonous fruits, and were shocked when he lived. Supposedly Colonel Johnson recited this speech:
Colonel Johnson's physician, Dr. James Van Meter, supposedly warned that:
False Memories: The Invention of Culinary Fakelore and Food Fallacies, Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2000, by Andrew F. Smith:
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